Confused by Medical Bills? 7 Practical Ways to Take Control of Insurance Claims

There’s a specific kind of quiet frustration that comes with opening a medical bill and realizing you have no idea what it’s actually charging you for. A code here, a mysterious “adjustment” there, an “explanation of benefits” (EOB) that somehow explains... almost nothing.

You’re not alone. Even those of us who are generally on top of our finances can find medical billing to be a frustrating maze. I still remember the first time I tried to dispute a charge for a test I never received—I had to Google half the terms just to write an email that made sense.

But here’s the thing: understanding your medical bills and insurance claims doesn’t require an MBA in healthcare administration. It just takes a little know-how, some persistence, and a willingness to push past the fine print.

So let’s make this clear, practical, and completely doable.

1. Always Ask for an Itemized Bill

Most of the time, you’ll get a summary bill, which just shows the total owed—not a breakdown of individual services or procedures. It’s a lot like paying for dinner without ever seeing a menu.

But here’s the good news: You can (and should) request an itemized bill from your provider. It will list every charge by service code and description, which is your first step toward spotting overcharges, duplicate charges, or errors.

What to do: Call the billing department and ask for an itemized statement—this is standard and often sent within a few days. Look for:

• Duplicate charges
• Services you didn’t receive
• Unusually vague descriptions (“miscellaneous” isn’t helpful)

Then compare it with your EOB from your insurance company. They don’t always match—and that’s where the fun (and savings) begin.

2. Understand the Explanation of Benefits (EOB)

Your EOB is not a bill—but it’s your best friend when it comes to understanding what was billed, what the insurer covered, and what’s left for you to pay.

Most EOBs include:

• Amount billed by the provider
• Allowed amount (what your insurer thinks the service is worth)
• Amount paid by your insurance
• Patient responsibility (what you may owe)

It may also include denial codes or reasons something wasn’t covered—like “not medically necessary” or “out of network.”

Tip: Don’t toss this in the recycling bin. If you’re being billed for more than your EOB says you owe, something’s off.

3. Know Your Network—and Stay In It

One of the most expensive billing surprises comes from out-of-network charges, even when you're at an in-network hospital. For instance, the surgeon may be in-network, but the anesthesiologist isn't.

This is called “balance billing”—and while some states have laws against it, it's still a legal gray area depending on where you live.

What to do:

• Before a procedure, ask: “Is everyone involved in this care in-network?”
• Check your insurer’s provider directory, or call to confirm
• If you receive an out-of-network bill you didn’t expect, appeal it. Many insurers will reprocess the claim if you didn’t have a choice in providers.

4. Learn the Power of the Appeal

Insurance companies make mistakes. So do billing departments. And sometimes, they just say “no” because they expect you won’t push back.

That’s where the appeals process comes in.

Here’s what you can typically appeal:

• Denied coverage for a service or procedure
• An out-of-network charge that should have been in-network
• A medical necessity denial

How to appeal:

1. Call your insurer and ask for the reason code or explanation
2. Ask how to formally appeal (each insurer has a process and timeline)
3. Provide documentation: doctor’s notes, referrals, medical records
4. Keep a paper trail—names, dates, confirmation numbers

Pro tip: The first level of appeal is often handled by a rep. If denied again, ask for a second-level or external appeal, which may involve independent review.

5. Watch for “Upcoding” and “Unbundling”

These are terms that sound complicated, but here’s the gist:

• Upcoding: A provider bills for a more expensive service than was actually provided
• Unbundling: A provider charges for services separately when they’re supposed to be grouped as one

For example, if you had a routine visit but were charged for a level-4 consultation, that’s upcoding. Or if your lab work was billed as five separate charges instead of one comprehensive test panel, that’s unbundling.

Why it matters: Both inflate your bill—and your insurer may pass those costs on to you if they’re not caught.

6. Don’t Pay the First Bill—Verify First

It’s tempting to just pay a bill and move on, especially if it’s under a few hundred dollars. But doing so before verifying it could mean paying for services you didn’t owe—or paying more than necessary.

Here’s the smart move: Wait until you receive:

1. The itemized bill
2. The EOB from your insurance
3. Clarification on any differences between the two

Once everything aligns—and you’re sure the charges are legit—then pay.

If something feels off: Call your provider’s billing office and calmly say: “Before I pay this, I’d like help reconciling the charges with my insurance’s EOB.”

7. Negotiate—Yes, You Can

If you’re uninsured, underinsured, or simply dealing with a huge balance after insurance, you can negotiate.

Hospitals and providers often have:

• Prompt-pay discounts
• Income-based financial assistance
• Willingness to reduce charges for cash payments

Even if you’re insured, you can ask: “Is there a cash rate or discount available if I pay this in full today?”

It’s not awkward—it’s smart. And it works more often than you’d think.

Smart Moves

• *Medical billing errors occur in up to 80% of hospital bills, according to Medical Billing Advocates of America.
• Have you ever received an itemized bill—or do you typically pay the first summary sent?
• You usually have 180 days to file an appeal with your insurance after a denial—but many people miss that window because they didn’t know it existed.
• Does your provider have a billing advocate or patient navigator? You can request to speak with one.
• Some states offer free insurance ombudsman services to help you fight denied claims or unfair charges. It’s worth checking your state’s department of insurance.

Don’t Let the Paperwork Win

The system is complex—no one’s denying that. But that doesn’t mean you have to accept every charge, denial, or decision at face value.

Understanding your medical bills isn’t just about saving money (though that’s a major bonus). It’s about reclaiming your agency in a system that often feels stacked against the average patient.

Every time you pause before paying, question a charge, or file an appeal, you’re not being difficult. You’re being informed—and that’s powerful.

So the next time a confusing bill shows up, don’t shove it into a drawer. Open it. Question it. Decode it. And start taking control of your healthcare finances one step at a time.